Synthetic nootropic peptide with N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal adamantane modification for superior stability and blood-brain barrier penetration, researched for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity.
Synthetic copper-binding tripeptide targeting dermal papilla cells and hair follicles. Stimulates hair follicle elongation, promotes cell proliferation, increases VEGF production, and inhibits TGF-β1. Supports skin regeneration through fibroblast activation and collagen synthesis.
AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191) that stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis without the side effects of full growth hormone. Unlike full GH, it does not increase IGF-1, affect glucose metabolism, or cause insulin resistance.
Ara 290 is an engineered 11-amino acid peptide activating the Innate Repair Receptor (IRR) to provide tissue-protective effects without red blood cell stimulation. Has FDA Orphan Drug status.
B7-33 is a single-chain peptide analog of human relaxin-2 that selectively activates the relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1). Unlike native relaxin-2, which requires a complex two-chain A/B structure connected by disulfide bonds, B7-33 achieves RXFP1 activation with a much simpler single-chain design. This makes it significantly easier and more cost-effective to synthesize. Preclinical research demonstrates potent anti-fibrotic, vasodilatory, and cardioprotective properties, positioning B7-33 as a promising therapeutic candidate for fibrotic diseases, heart failure, and vascular dysfunction.
Synthetic peptide derived from gastric juice protein, renowned for tissue repair, inflammation reduction, and GI protection capabilities. BPC-157 promotes blood vessel formation, enhances collagen synthesis, modulates growth factor expression, and protects against tissue damage through localized or systemic delivery.
Novel long-acting lipidated amylin analog functioning as dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist for weight management and type 2 diabetes. Phase 3 trials demonstrate 22.7% weight loss with CagriSema combination.
Synthetic growth hormone releasing hormone analog with short half-life enabling pulsatile GH secretion patterns resembling natural physiology. Unlike CJC-1295 with DAC, this version preserves natural GH pulsatility without continuous elevation.
Modified growth hormone releasing hormone engineered for extended duration via albumin-binding technology. DAC binds to albumin, extending half-life and providing continuous GHRH receptor stimulation.
Endogenous cyclic dipeptide found in plasma, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid. Functions as metabolite of IGF-1, regulating its bioavailability through competitive binding to IGFBP-3. Demonstrates neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, and cardioprotective properties supported by clinical trials.
Dihexa is a synthetic oligopeptide derived from angiotensin IV that potently enhances cognitive function by promoting synaptogenesis. It is 10 million times more potent than BDNF at promoting synapse formation through HGF/c-Met receptor activation.
DNSP-11 is an 11-amino acid peptide derived from the pro-domain of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). It was designed to capture the neuroprotective properties of GDNF while avoiding the limitations of the full-length protein, including poor blood-brain barrier penetration, off-target effects, and manufacturing complexity. Preclinical research demonstrates that DNSP-11 protects and stimulates dopaminergic neurons, making it a compound of significant interest for Parkinson's disease research and biohacking communities focused on dopamine system health.
DSIP is a naturally occurring nonapeptide discovered in 1974 in rabbit brain. Originally isolated for sleep-promoting properties, it has diverse neuromodulatory effects including stress reduction, pain modulation, and endocrine regulation without traditional sedative effects.
Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson with 35+ years of research. It activates telomerase at extremely low concentrations to maintain telomere length, stimulates melatonin production, and modulates gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms.
FGL is a synthetic peptide derived from the second fibronectin type III module of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). It mimics the interaction between NCAM and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), activating downstream signaling cascades that promote synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. Research has primarily been conducted in animal models, where FGL has shown promise for cognitive enhancement, stroke recovery, and neurodegenerative disease models.
FOXO4-DRI is a senolytic peptide designed to selectively eliminate senescent 'zombie' cells that accumulate with age and contribute to tissue dysfunction. It works by disrupting the FOXO4-p53 interaction that keeps senescent cells alive. The 'DRI' modification (D-retro-inverso) uses reversed D-amino acids to increase potency and stability. Preclinical research shows restoration of fur density, fitness, and organ function in aged mice.
Naturally occurring copper tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. GHK-Cu affects 31.2% of human genes and declines significantly with age—from ~200 ng/ml at age 20 to ~80 ng/ml at age 60. Known for exceptional skin regeneration, wound healing, and anti-aging properties.
HCG is a glycoprotein hormone naturally produced by the placenta during pregnancy that binds LH receptors to stimulate testosterone and estrogen biosynthesis. FDA-approved for cryptorchidism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and ovulation induction.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH/Somatropin) is a 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone FDA-approved for pediatric and adult growth hormone deficiency, HIV-associated wasting, and other conditions. It provides both direct and indirect (IGF-1 mediated) anabolic effects.
HGH Fragment 176-191 is the fat-burning segment of human growth hormone, corresponding to amino acids 176 through 191 of the full GH molecule. It stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis without the growth-promoting or insulin-disrupting effects associated with full-length HGH. AOD-9604 is a modified version of this fragment with an added N-terminal tyrosine residue.
IGF-1 DES (Des(1-3) IGF-1) is a truncated analog of insulin-like growth factor-1, missing the first three N-terminal amino acids. This structural modification eliminates binding to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), meaning 100% of the peptide is bioactive rather than being sequestered in circulation. The result is approximately 10x greater potency than native IGF-1, but with an extremely short half-life of 20-30 minutes. This short duration of action is considered a feature rather than a limitation -- it allows for site-specific injection into target muscles immediately post-workout, promoting localized growth with reduced systemic exposure.
Selective GHRP that stimulates natural GH production from the pituitary with minimal cortisol and prolactin disruption. Known for its excellent safety profile and ability to produce consistent GH pulses without significant side effects common to other growth hormone releasing peptides.
Kisspeptin acts as a master regulator of the reproductive system, stimulating GnRH neurons essential for puberty, fertility, and reproductive function.
Synthetic analog of α-MSH that selectively targets MC1 receptors for melanin stimulation. FDA-approved as SCENESSE implant for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). Research-grade injectable form enables flexible dosing versus the implant version.
MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that operates as a mitohormone through the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway. Under metabolic stress, it translocates to the nucleus to bind stress-response transcription factors (NRF2, ATF1/ATF7), regulating genes involved in metabolism and cellular adaptation.
Enhanced and stabilized version of Russian nootropic Semax with superior stability, extended half-life, and enhanced bioavailability through acetylation and amidation modifications.
Novel triple hormone receptor agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. Phase II trials demonstrated 24.2% weight loss at 48 weeks—the highest recorded for obesity medications.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the naturally occurring immune peptide tuftsin, developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences. It provides anxiolytic effects comparable to benzodiazepines but without sedation, amnesia, tolerance, or withdrawal.
Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management. Over 17,000 trial participants have demonstrated significant efficacy through appetite suppression and glycemic control. The 7-day half-life enables convenient weekly dosing.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment 4-10, originally developed in Russia for stroke recovery. It achieves enhanced CNS penetration through direct transport via olfactory epithelium and trigeminal nerves, bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone that stimulates natural growth hormone production while preserving physiological pulsatile patterns. Originally FDA-approved in 1997 for pediatric GH deficiency, it was discontinued in 2008 for manufacturing reasons, not safety concerns.
Synthetic octapeptide functioning as topical Botox alternative, targeting dynamic facial wrinkles through SNARE complex modulation. Up to 63% wrinkle depth reduction demonstrated clinically.
A synthetic 7-amino acid fragment corresponding to the actin-binding region of thymosin beta-4, originally developed for equine use with retained tissue repair properties. TB-500 acts as principal actin-sequestering protein, regulating cell migration, promoting angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and activating stem cell differentiation.
Tesamorelin is an FDA-approved synthetic GHRH analog designed for HIV-associated lipodystrophy treatment. It provides selective visceral fat targeting with 15-20% visceral fat reduction in clinical trials while preserving subcutaneous fat.
Thymogen (EW dipeptide) is a Khavinson bioregulator consisting of glutamic acid and tryptophan, originally isolated from calf thymus extracts (Thymalin) in the late 1980s. Developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson, it has been registered in Russia since 1990 in multiple forms including injectable solution, nasal spray, and topical cream. Thymogen modulates both humoral and cellular immunity, activates T-cell differentiation, and has demonstrated geroprotective (anti-aging) and antitumor activities in research studies.
Thymosin Alpha 1 is a synthetic 28-amino acid peptide identical to naturally occurring thymic hormone, studied in 11,000+ patients across 30+ clinical trials with less than 1% serious adverse events. Approved in 35+ countries for immune modulation.
Revolutionary dual receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management. Demonstrates efficacy superior to single-mechanism alternatives with 15-22% body weight reduction in clinical trials. The first-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist provides enhanced metabolic benefits compared to GLP-1-only medications.
Abaloparatide is an FDA-approved anabolic bone-building agent and synthetic analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). It selectively activates the PTH1 receptor to stimulate new bone formation while minimizing bone resorption. In the phase III ACTIVE trial, abaloparatide showed superior BMD increases at the hip compared to teriparatide, with substantial fracture risk reduction. It was approved in the US in 2017 and EU in 2022 for postmenopausal women and men with osteoporosis at high fracture risk.
ACE-031 is a soluble form of the activin type IIB receptor (ActRIIB) fused to an IgG1 Fc domain. It functions as a decoy receptor, binding and neutralizing myostatin and other TGF-beta superfamily members that normally limit muscle growth. Originally developed by Acceleron Pharma for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), ACE-031 reached Phase 2 clinical trials before development was halted due to vascular side effects including nosebleeds and telangiectasia. In healthy volunteers, a single dose produced significant increases in lean mass and reductions in fat mass within 29 days.
Enhanced derivative of Selank with improved stability, blood-brain barrier penetration, and extended half-life compared to parent compound. Parent compound Selank approved in Russia since early 2000s.
Bronchogen is a Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (AEDL) with primary effects on the bronchopulmonary system. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology by Professor Vladimir Khavinson, it targets bronchial tissue and supports respiratory function. Like other Khavinson peptides, Bronchogen penetrates cell nuclei to influence gene expression related to respiratory tissue maintenance and repair.
Cardiogen is a Khavinson bioregulator peptide consisting of four amino acids, derived from heart tissue research. Unlike larger peptides that work on cell surfaces, Cardiogen penetrates directly to the cell nucleus where it binds to specific DNA regions to regulate gene expression. This epigenetic mechanism supports tissue repair and improves cardiovascular function, particularly benefiting the heart and blood vessels.
Synthetic tripeptide developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson, supporting cartilage, connective tissue, and cellular regeneration through proliferation markers and apoptosis pathway modulation.
Chonluten is a Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (EDG) derived from respiratory lung tissue. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it targets the bronchopulmonary system with secondary activity in the GI tract. Research shows it regulates genes related to inflammation, antioxidant activity, and proliferation responses. Chonluten inhibits TNF production in monocytes and has been studied as a potential geroprotective agent that may support lung function in conditions like COPD.
Cortagen is a Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (AEDP) with primary effects on the brain and central nervous system. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it regulates inflammatory responses in the nervous system, restores balance between pro- and anti-oxidative processes, and stimulates interleukin-2 expression. Research shows potential benefits for ischemic brain injury recovery, nerve regeneration, and reducing autoimmune reactions affecting the CNS.
Crystagen is a Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (EDP) identified in thymalin with selective action on thymus tissues. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it enhances immune function by stimulating normal lymphocyte proliferation while inhibiting tumor cell growth. Research shows effectiveness in normalizing immunity in 82% of elderly patients (vs 56% control) and reducing respiratory infections in athletes by doubling HSP gene expression.
Erythropoietin (EPO) is an essential glycoprotein hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. Naturally produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels, recombinant human EPO is FDA-approved for treating anemia in chronic kidney disease and chemotherapy patients. EPO binding to receptors on bone marrow cells promotes survival and maturation of red blood cell precursors, increasing oxygen-carrying capacity. Due to performance-enhancing effects, it is banned in competitive sports.
GHRP-2 is a synthetic growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. It is one of the most potent members of the GHRP family, being 2-3 times more effective than GHRP-6 in stimulating GH release. Originally developed as a diagnostic agent for growth hormone deficiency, it works by mimicking ghrelin and binding to the GHS-R1a receptor.
GHRP-6 is a synthetic growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. It was one of the first GHRPs developed and works by binding to the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). Unlike direct HGH injections, GHRP-6 enhances the body's natural GH production while keeping negative feedback mechanisms balanced. It is known for its potent appetite-stimulating effects.
Gonadorelin is a synthetic form of the naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn regulate testosterone production in men and ovulation in women. It is FDA-approved for diagnostic testing and fertility treatment. The pulsatile nature of GnRH secretion is critical for proper reproductive function.
Hexarelin is one of the most potent synthetic growth hormone secretagogues available. It stimulates GH release by binding to the GHS-R1a receptor in the pituitary and hypothalamus, mimicking the action of ghrelin. Notably, Hexarelin demonstrates synergistic effects when combined with GHRH, producing GH responses greater than the arithmetic sum of either peptide alone. It also shows unique cardioprotective properties mediated through the CD36 receptor.
Humanin was the first mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) discovered, originally cloned from the occipital lobe of an Alzheimer's patient. It is a 24-amino acid peptide encoded from the 16S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA with potent neuroprotective, cytoprotective, and anti-apoptotic properties. Research shows humanin levels decline with age but remain stable in long-lived species like naked mole-rats, and offspring of centenarians have significantly higher humanin levels.
IGF-1 LR3 is a synthetic 83-amino acid analog of insulin-like growth factor-1 that has never been approved for human use. The N-terminal extension and R3 substitution reduce binding protein interaction, maintaining elevated free circulating levels with ~3x greater potency than native IGF-1.
KPV is a potent anti-inflammatory tripeptide derived from the C-terminal of alpha-MSH. It exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties without the pigmentation effects of full α-MSH, making it ideal for inflammation management.
Livagen is a Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDA) with significant hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties. Structurally similar to Epitalon, it normalizes immune and antioxidant status while restoring liver function in hepatitis conditions. Livagen is best known for its ability to decondense chromatin, activating silent genes including ribosomal genes to boost protein synthesis and cellular activity. Maximum protective effects occur during aging.
First-in-class dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist combining appetite suppression with thermogenesis stimulation. Phase 3 trials demonstrated superiority over semaglutide for weight loss and glycemic control.
Melanotan II is a synthetic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that activates melanocortin receptors throughout the body. MC1R activation triggers melanin production for tanning, while MC4R affects sexual arousal and appetite control.
Non-pegylated IGF-1 splice variant produced locally in muscle tissue following mechanical stress. Has a very short half-life compared to PEG-MGF, requiring more frequent administration or localized injection.
NA-Selank Amidate is an enhanced version of Selank, the anxiolytic nootropic peptide developed at Russia's Institute of Molecular Genetics. The N-acetyl group improves blood-brain barrier penetration and creates more stable metabolites, while the C-terminal amidation further enhances metabolic stability and receptor binding. Unlike benzodiazepines, it provides anxiety relief without sedation, dependency, or cognitive impairment.
First oral non-peptide GLP-1 completing Phase 3 trials. Achieves substantial weight loss without injections, refrigeration, or dietary restrictions, with clinical evidence of 12.4% weight reduction at 72 weeks.
Ovagen is a Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (EDL) with primary effects on the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Developed by Dr. Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it reduces long-term liver fibrosis and protects the GI mucosal layer from antibiotics, environmental toxins, and chemotherapy. Like other bioregulators, Ovagen crosses cell and nuclear membranes to directly regulate DNA transcription patterns with tissue-specific effects.
Nine-amino-acid peptide hormone produced in hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary. Functions in social bonding, trust, empathy, reproduction, childbirth, lactation. FDA-approved synthetically for labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage.
P21 is a nootropic peptide derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that enhances neurogenesis and cognitive function. It contains an adamantane moiety that enables blood-brain barrier penetration. Research shows it increases BDNF expression, inhibits LIF signaling to promote neurogenesis, and reduces tau and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease models. Remarkably, P21 can boost neurogenesis in diseased brains above levels seen in healthy untreated brains.
Pancragen is a Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDW) originally isolated from bovine pancreatic cells. Developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it directly interacts with DNA to regulate pancreatic gene expression. Research in old rhesus monkeys demonstrated that Pancragen corrected impaired glucose tolerance, normalized insulin and C-peptide levels, and improved endocrine pancreatic function. It is considered safe and effective for age-related metabolic disturbances.
Synthetic heptapeptide derived from Spadin positions 22-28, functioning as potent TREK-1 antagonist with enhanced selectivity and duration versus parent compound. Primary research focus on rapid antidepressant effects.
Modified IGF-1 variant with PEG attachment extending half-life from minutes to hours. Activates muscle satellite cells following mechanical stress or injury.
Developed in Russia, Pinealon demonstrates unique DNA-interaction for neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Benefits traumatic brain injury recovery and age-related cognitive decline with excellent safety profile.
PNC-27 is an experimental anti-cancer peptide created by a supercomputer at SUNY Downstate Medical Center in 2000. It contains an HDM-2 binding domain from p53 (residues 12-26) linked to a cell-penetrating domain. The peptide selectively kills cancer cells by binding to HDM-2 (MDM2) expressed on cancer cell membranes, forming pores that cause cell necrosis. Critically, PNC-27 has no effect on normal cells because healthy cells don't express HDM-2 on their membranes. Research shows effectiveness against pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, and melanoma.
Prostamax is a Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDP) with primary repair effects on prostate tissue. Developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it alters chromatin structure in cells from elderly individuals, promoting deheterochromatinization and potentially reactivating genes repressed during aging. Research in rat models shows reduced prostate inflammation, decreased swelling, and decelerated pathological remodeling associated with prostatitis.
FDA-approved melanocortin receptor agonist for treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. Works centrally in the nervous system to trigger sexual arousal pathways independent of vascular mechanisms, unlike traditional ED medications.
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is an aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that selectively binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, preventing lipid peroxidation and optimizing electron transport chain function for enhanced cellular energy production.
Investigational dual receptor agonist targeting metabolic disease through balanced GLP-1R and GCGR activation. Phase 2/3 clinical trials demonstrate superior weight loss and MASH treatment efficacy.
TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ) is a synthetic derivative of thymosin beta-4 consisting of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 amino acid fragment. This sequence represents the active site within thymosin beta-4 responsible for actin binding, cell migration, and wound healing. Research shows it promotes endothelial cell differentiation, angiogenesis, keratinocyte migration, collagen deposition, and decreases inflammation. The acetylation protects against N-terminal degradation while maintaining biological activity.
Teriparatide is an FDA-approved anabolic bone-building agent consisting of the first 34 amino acids of parathyroid hormone. Unlike antiresorptive osteoporosis drugs that slow bone loss, teriparatide actively stimulates new bone formation. The key to its mechanism is intermittent exposure: while continuous PTH causes bone resorption, daily injections stimulate osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, resulting in net bone formation. Clinical trials show 8% spine bone density increases and 65% reduction in vertebral fractures.
Testagen is a Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide (KEDG) originally isolated from testicular tissue extracts. Developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it promotes testosterone biosynthesis by stimulating Leydig cell activity and improving cellular metabolism in testicular tissue. Research shows it helps restore normal communication within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, governing testosterone production and spermatogenesis.
Naturally occurring 43-amino acid peptide crucial for tissue repair, wound healing, and cellular regeneration. Promotes angiogenesis, reduces inflammation, and supports cell migration and differentiation.
Thymulin is a nonapeptide hormone exclusively secreted by thymic epithelial cells, discovered by Jean-François Bach in the 1970s. Unlike thymalin (a peptide extract mixture), thymulin is a single, defined 9-amino-acid peptide that requires zinc binding for biological activity. It plays a crucial role in T-cell differentiation and maturation within the thymus. Serum thymulin levels decline significantly with age and zinc deficiency, contributing to age-related immune decline (immunosenescence). Research has explored thymulin's potential in restoring immune function, managing autoimmune conditions, and as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Vesilute is a Khavinson bioregulator dipeptide consisting of glutamic acid and aspartic acid (ED), developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. It is specifically designed to support bladder and urinary tract function, with research indicating potential benefits for prostate health in men. Vesilute may help regulate smooth muscle function, enhance tissue blood flow, and support cellular regeneration in urogenital tissues. It is distinct from Vesugen (KED tripeptide), which targets vascular endothelium.
Vesugen is a Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide developed at Russia's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Composed of three amino acids (lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid), it targets the vascular system and protects blood vessels from age-related decline. Research shows it limits atherosclerosis development, decreases endothelial dysfunction, and activates stem cells. Like other short Khavinson peptides, Vesugen penetrates to the nucleus where it influences gene expression.
Vilon is a Khavinson bioregulator dipeptide (KE) consisting of lysine and glutamic acid, originally isolated from thymus gland extracts. Developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, it acts as a molecular signaling compound that restores normal gene expression and protein synthesis in immune and epithelial cells. Research shows Vilon increases mean lifespan by 20-40% in animal studies and suppresses tumor development.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the glucagon/secretin superfamily. It is produced in many tissues including the gut, pancreas, and brain. VIP has potent vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. It binds to VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, triggering cAMP-mediated signaling cascades. Research shows therapeutic potential for pulmonary hypertension, diabetes, neurological disorders, and autoimmune conditions.
Chimeric adipose-vasculature-targeted peptidomimetic targeting prohibitin/annexin A2 on white adipose tissue endothelium, delivering pro-apoptotic D-(KLAKLAK)2 motif. In obese primates it produced rapid fat loss with improved insulin resistance, yet development halted after Phase 1 due to kidney safety signals.
Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG) is a hormonally active medication containing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in a 1:1 ratio, extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women. FDA-approved for fertility treatment, HMG stimulates ovarian follicle development in women and spermatogenesis in men. While largely replaced by recombinant gonadotropins in some settings, HMG remains an effective and cost-efficient option for ovulation induction and assisted reproduction.
LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino acid cationic peptide derived from hCAP18 that exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi while modulating immune responses.
Thymalin is a natural peptide bioregulator derived from calf thymus gland, developed in the Soviet Union in the 1970s. It contains a mixture of thymic peptides that support immune restoration, anti-aging, and tissue regeneration. Research spanning decades has shown significant geroprotective effects, with studies demonstrating up to 2-fold reduction in mortality rates and 4-fold reduction when combined with Epithalamin.
Indexed — monograph not yet written.